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scientific and technical revolution: productivity tools in human society

INTRODUCTION

Science and technology are an important tool in the attempts of existence, human development and to take responsibility for his entourage. Since the opening of science and its applications in man’s continuing efforts to develop various technologies to conquer nature, to restore peace to its simplicity and its benefits. Right primitive times, man invented the bow and arrow, fire, hoes, knives, daggers and so on, to deal with existential problems of nature possesses. Even in today’s world, the effort of man in all intended to provide food, clothing and shelter and other basic amenities for survival.

In essence, the person is able to maneuver your way around the space and provide scientific discovery because of its natural wealth. Man is naturally endowed with intelligence. He has the mental and physical capacity to address the ideas and the ability to invent. Ability to invent is its creator, or inventor. Thus, the application of science in everyday life is manifested in various inventions of man in relation to technological developments in human society. Science and technology as well, are artificial invention of man in general to use his advantages.

MAN “,” History of science and technology.

By the way note that science does not exist outside of the socio-cultural person. Man is the creator and inventor of the science of technology. In fact, the person may be regarded as the highest expression of their environment. Development of science and technology in general, aimed at finding solutions to some existential problems or difficulties in the nature of the socio-cultural. Although the nature of science involves the application of the universal goal of problems and conditions that deductionist approach to science, we can not, however, deny the fact that, initially to deal with instances special about your environment /

Historically, people have played a key role in the development of science and technology. Human society, no doubt, had a series of evolution, transformation, and as revolutions in all stages of its development. In early Greek period, like philosophy, art and science attracts the most widespread attention. Science and art are part of philosophy. What existed but was speculative science. This was the period where Thales lived. It is considered the first important philosopher and scientist in the Western world. It was the first to predict the eclipse of the sun, which finally took place in 585 BC His pupil, Anaximander was the first scientist, an evolutionist in the Western world. He believed that all life comes from the sea and began to develop over time in various forms by adapting to the environment. He believed that man evolved from animals. Anaximander also decided that the earth is not flat, but as a cylinder shape and is known for having made the first map in history. Mathematician Pythagoras, Democritus and Aristotle atomic greatest scientist of ancient Greece, all lived in this period. (2002 Omoregbe, 177)

religion and theology have taken the stage and became the center of the Middle Ages. Ethics, literature and art is characterized by the revival of the age. However, the appearance of Francis Bacon, who laid the foundations for a model of inductive science, the modern era has seen the development of empirical and experimental science. This was the period when both doctrines are leading out, Rene Descartes, rationalism and empiricism led John Locke. But in modern times, the focus gradually shifted to science and technology. (1997 Fadaunsi, 58).

It is of fundamental importance to note that internal factors, and human complacency and not its quest for knowledge in each period in the history of the company said the shifts for development.

technologies that we know how applied science. He is “the systematic study of methods to create and do things” (1942 Gordon, 20). Likewise the spirit, D. Lauda and RD Ryan (1971: 53), see the technology as:

individual efforts to cope with its physical environment, such as that provided by nature and has created its own affairs t9hat technology rights, such as the city and its attempts to conquer or control the environment by the imagination and ingenuity in the use of available resources.

The technology of scientific discoveries to improve the human condition. It is this application that lead to the invention to improve the well-being rights in different spheres of human life. disciplines as engineering, medicine, computers, electronics, architecture, etc., applied science. (2002 Omoregbe, 179).

History of Technology extends to the ancestors of man. technology grows and develops in tandem with science. Both complement each other. The development of various instruments, if the person was at a primitive stage in the history of the company is registered For the first technological revolution. At the time of the Neanderthals, the degree of specialization in the manufacture of tools have been achieved. Cro-Magnon homosapiens mastered some mechanical principles of human and pottery neolithic man in a fairly advanced tool making crafts. (2002 Ndubuisi, 132).

Before the 16th century, Francis Bacon makes an experimental science, and suggested that scientists should study the methods of masters. The technology continues to grow with the development of iron bridges, steam engines and machinery for the textile industry. During that period, free from science to technology. For example, Edison, inventor of the first light practices scientific ideas of Faraday and Henry, who has already experimented with electricity. Bell, inventor of the telephone has also developed his ideas on scientific Helmholtz. (2002 Ndubuisi, 133).

improve performance

There is no denying the fact that the ongoing revolution in science and technology in human society is a remarkable achievement. With the help of technology, the man was able to allow the use of his ideas are almost perfect, flawless society through a variety of gadgets it develops for its benefits. The modern world, especially in the 21 th century, experience and economic policy has increased as a result of scientific and technological achievements. There is progress and achievements in the field of energy and energy, transport, communications, medicine, architecture, agriculture, industry, military equipment, computers, spaceships, biotechnology, etc.

This implementation of science and technology have contributed to increased productivity and faster economic growth in human society is an understatement. The thing is, of course, that science and technology has great interaction productions in all areas of human society. Industrial Revolution, which took place in Europe in 18 th century marked the beginning economic growth and revolution. The industrial revolution has shown the dramatic social, economic and technology that began with the introduction of steam engines, working mainly on coal. records of technological advancement and economic revolution industry has accelerated with the introduction of steamboats, ships and railways. However, at the turn of the 19th century, the revolution spread across Western Europe and North America, and ultimately affect the rest of the world. (Wikipedia)

events following the increase of labor productivity is characterized by the Industrial Revolution, which spread throughout the world led to the beginning of the ” second industrial revolution “in 1870. This is the second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to a” chemical, refining and distribution, electrical industries and the automotive industry. ” (2002 Ndubuisi, 151). In fact, the increased availability of petroleum products also reduced the economic use of coal on the potential for industrialization.

In this respect, it is important to note that the industrial revolution that led to the formation of various industry giants, often almost, globalization, international operations and interests, and open the way for a coherent scientific and technological revolution, which were presented 1940 and 1950. It is a scientific and technological revolution, so evident in some countries, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the United States of America, visit the moon during this period. Today, other countries are Suite. In September 2008, China began its space ship and sent three people a week, the delegation space to the moon.

as seen from the above that the deep impression made by the revolutions of science and technology influences human, modern, perceives the world. Scientific and technological revolution that has taken the world by storm today arise from the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century. Ogundowole Kolawole (2003: 134) notes that:

In the first half of the twentieth century, especially during the 194S and 195s have been fundamental changes in the structure of science and research as a result of large scientific and technical discoveries. This, in turn, leads to greater interaction between science and technology and manufacturing. Indeed, it was during this decade that humanity has entered a period of scientific and technological revolution.

Today, the scientific and technological revolution is to improve productivity. It changes the whole face of the social production of the material. This obviously has a positive change in the nature, condition and maintenance, and the composition of the productive forces, the social division of labor, and the transverse structure and professional society.

in his perception, decrepit (1984: 55) defines the scientific and technological revolution, such as:

Qualitative radical transformation of the productive forces and completed the merger between the scientific and technological revolution and transformation science into a direct productive force.

This means that as one of the fundamental principles and laws of dialectics, there is in the process of human development, quantitative and qualitative changes. This confirms the materialist assertion that everything develops from the transformation of quantity into quality. Thus, the scientific and technological revolution is a particular phenomenon related to the transformation of science into a direct productive force of society, “a radical transformation of the qualitative structure of the productive forces and changes in the nature and content of human labor . ‘(2003 Ogundowole, 138).

With the evolution and development of science and technology, it became clear that this revolution is the growth of production and consumption, particularly in developed countries, exceeding all expectations in the past. Thus, it is possible that poverty, hunger, unemployment, and even on a large scale phase in history. Therefore VG Afanasyev (2003: 139) notes that:

Science of Ideas: the technology of their equipment, the main embodiment, while the production area, where the technology works is when people use scientific and technological achievements to get their material wealth necessary.

At this stage it is interesting to note that the pace of development of science and technology and its extraordinary achievements in virtually all spheres of human life, especially which increases the productivity of human society is not without side effects. Karl Marx was one of those who said the evil inherent in the process of industrialization. Marx, however, was not against the development of technology . But Marx thought that industrialization is evil in the dialectical progression feudal economic modes, which led to the development of capitalism. Marx recognized that the industrialization of society that happened, but it leads to a polarization of society into two main classes. Marx did not deny that industrialization, but was bored of the operation that existed between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. According to Marx (1972: 183):

industrialization generates a polarization of society into two classes, the bourgeois who owns the means of production, namely plants and soil, and much more proletarian working class that makes the necessary work to get something worthwhile from means of production.

As a direct effect of scientific and technological revolution, Marx believed that the rapid advances in technology, many skilled workers left unemployed as an agricultural and industrial problems after the other was mechanized. Again, Marx showed that there are millions of unemployed flight from rural areas or small towns to big cities as a result of the search for white collar workers. Thus, it been the development of major urban areas, which actually led to unprecedented conditions of poverty in the slums that housed workers for new businesses. Meanwhile, the bourgeois class, for only a small fraction compared to the size of the proletariat has become extremely rich.

As a way out of this situation, the unequal distribution of wealth and ease of use of the capitalist system, Marx argued that the dialectical progression, is itself a prerequisite Development of communism, socialism, and at the end. Marx (1972: 209) believes that:

industrial proletariat will eventually develop a class consciousness and revolt against the bourgeoisie, which led to a more egalitarian socialist and communist in the end, where the workers themselves own the means of industrial production.

Marx may be right in his belief that capitalism, which developed after of industrial evolution of technology, will collapse and give way to socialism and communism in the future. The reality in our world today shows that capitalism, contrary to socialism, research and advancement technology. But recent events show the time that improvements in technology does not solve the most existential problems of our world. Advances in food / agricultural machinery, for example, did not prevent food shortages . Ensure that famine is common in most developing countries, citizens of the technologically advanced countries, too, cries of birds, with the high cost of food in their society. In fact, the United Nations in early 2008, announced that the world is undergoing a huge food crisis.

In the same vein, even progress and revolution in science and technology do not stop the recession that took place in the United States in 2008. Despite the improvement in productivity, scientific and technological revolution does not stop the recession in the U.S., which led to the loss of more than 800,000 jobs during the period January-September 2008. 700 billion economic rescue plan sent by former U.S. President Bush and approved by the legislature in October 2008 remains to be seen helping the economic circulation across the country. Even a plan to revive the Current U.S. President Obama is not made a significant contribution to the U.S. economy.

In addition, the revolution in science and technology do not stop the deaths of young children China over the melamine contamination of milk from the child and other dairy products. Therefore, despite its ability to improve productivity, its impact on employment, the life of a person, loss of employment, could one day be devastating.

Conclusion

We can not deny, although the progress of science and technology have made for people in almost every aspect of their lives. We can not also exclude the fact that man is an instrument of transformation of scientific and technological revolution. In other words, science and technology can be possible without the person at the center of its creation and invention. This makes Kedrov, S. Shukhardin. (2003: 139) believes that “the scientific and technological revolution is an integral phenomenon encompasses a system of” the man-science-production “

However, we must emphasize that science and technology as a double edge sword. He has two positive and negative sides. Although its success is highly improved quality of human life, its downside is very devastating to human life.

A man is facing a serious threat the destructive side of technology in the field of air pollution, pollution of seas and rivers, depletion of the ozone layer, toxic waste, and so the devastating impact of technology on humanity can also be seen in the production of weapons of mass destruction, particularly The production of chemical weapons, nuclear bombs, biological

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